Exploiting social and mobile ad hoc networking to achieve ubiquitous connectivity.
Via brockport.edu
This essay examines a particular example of what is known as a ‘Mobile Ad hoc Network’ (MANET) involving smartphones. This MANET would address the following problem:
‘A million and a half people annually ride the New York City subway system, which comprises 468 stations to form the largest subway complex in the world. The diverse human conglomerate of cultures and lifestyles that inhabit NYC’s subway though, share at least one common trend: a lack of mobile coverage – a rather serious, both economical and social, issue. Thus, a daily influx of 5,042,263 potential customers is practically lost for mobile companies. Not to mention the irritating circumstance that in a world of otherwise global communications one is forced to spend significant periods of time without a connection signal.’
One response to this problem is to wire the subway stations, using traditional methods. But apparently this project is expected to cost up to $200 million, and will take ten years to complete. That’s why the idea of using a MANET becomes more attractive. In a MANET, communications can reach phones that are outside the direct reach of the cell towers, because other nearby phones act as intermediaries. In this way, phones that are still within cell tower coverage pass on relevant data, via a series of local hops, to phones that are further and further away from cell tower coverage.
This avoids the need for any additional wiring or new cell towers, but relies on smart software installed on mobile phones that will convert an extended group of nearby phones into a fast-changing ad hoc network, with communications packets being passed down this network to reach the intended recipient phone:
‘Hence, true to the MANET paradigm, the individual mobile device would act both as a receiver and dispatcher of signal… Social phenomena and behaviors can be used in favor of disseminating network coverage. Thus the signal coverage will depend on social communities.
‘Collaborations of mobile society and devices can deliver services to the individual subscribers comprising it. To paraphrase President John F. Kennedy, ask not only what your signal can do for you, but what you can do for your signal.’
MANETs are interesting for another reason: they are likely to play larger roles in the future, with 4G networks in which connections are free to change dynamically between different bearers:
‘Within the context of 4G networks the connection between people and signal will be symbiotic; people will utilize the signal they get to fulfil their communication needs, and the signal will utilize the people to propagate itself across mobile ad hoc networks.’
I – Stable infrastructure network is provided by mobile phone operators.
II –Station gateway consists of nodes (in our case people) flowing in and out of the train station. The number of nodes in the gateways is constant and their density higher. Hence transmission range need not be large.
Handoff between MANET and mobile operator’s network happens at the left exit of gateway.
III – Station hall; MANET nodes here are people waiting for a train (arrivals) or ones about to leave the station (departures). People are more sparsely distributed and transmission ranges are larger.
IV – Train – moves nodes in and out of the network. Train schedules are predetermined and hence the approximate number of people in the station is known and uniform for predictable time intervals.
The essay reviews both technical and social factors which will impact the effectiveness of this particular MANET:
- Because there is a limit to how far a signal can hop from one phone to another, the network relies on a certain minimum density of users with suitably equipped phones (and for this reason, the MANET only works within the stations – not on the trains while they are between stations). Indeed, at given time instances, usually after the departure of a train or in late night hours, there may be too few people in the subway station, implying no formation of a MANET.
- Users will have to accept that power will be drawn from batteries in their own phones, as their phones convey messages between third parties, even though they don’t themselves benefit from that particular communication.
- Users are more likely to allow their phones to participate in this kind of network, so long as the MANET avoids draining batteries that are already low (nodes at critical energy level can be excluded from network’s topology altogether) and providing the network notices and discriminates against ‘free riders’ (thereby encouraging and rewarding users who take a pro-community stance).
- Cooperation of users in being willing to form a MANET depends on a higher order of trust between the people and devices constituting it. Trust is built upon security attributes such as confidentiality and service availability when needed in the network.
- Routing algorithms exist which can provide acceptable quality VoIP propagation in a wide variety of circumstances.
As the essay states,
‘In the perspective of a subway station, an ad hoc network can cover 1000 people and support about 20 calls in any instance. At present, a scenario of more than 20 simultaneous calls would cause an increase in end-to-end delay above 200 ms, which is sufficient to degrade a VoIP service…
‘But even better suited network schemes for real time applications exist. Some research from 2007 investigated properties of the Warning Energy Aware Clusterhead (WEAC) protocol specifically in the context of VoIP in MANET. In short, WEAC treats a mobile ad hoc network as a collection of clusters. Each cluster has a head node storing a membership list describing which other nodes are cluster members. Thus, to reach any node one only needs to discover a cluster head whose membership list contains a path to the destination. This reduces network request packet floods and thereby increases the ratio of useful data versus overhead. In addition to increasing the ratio of data packet transmitted to the control packet overhead, WEAC tends to minimize end-to-end path lengths and delays. Due to this favorable combination and coupled with G.729 audio codec, it manages to sustain a VoIP network of 100 nodes, all requesting service simultaneously. That is, WEAC supports 100 simultaneous calls…
‘… by using mobile ad hoc networking and implementing the appropriate routing protocols at the application layer of smartphones, one can obtain good network service on demand. Signal coverage, support of enough simultaneous calls and short service initiation delay are all within the grasp of current MANET technology. This is especially true when heterogeneous internetworks comprising relatively small mobile ad hoc and highly infrastructure-based networks are considered… Solutions would be facilitated by anticipated advances such as load balancing schemes and packet congestion control algorithms in MANET. The latter will increase number of sustainable source nodes (hence simultaneous phone conversations) and minimize end-to-end delay of packets: a leap towards better quality and reliability of real time, fault tolerant applications such as VoIP and even video communication.’
The main remaining concern is a social one, rather than something technical:
‘…the more people (up to a limit) within a MANET network, the better, that is, subway station coverage can be better if more people participate in the network; furthermore, the power consumption per device would be less, resulting in increased links stability and network lifetime. Therefore, the public interest would require more people willing to join the station’s MANET and share their technological resources more frequently to improve the network’s quality.
‘Chances are that the ability to remain connected or communicate in return for network participation may not be enough to attract as many people as needed. Different incentives and perks to join a smartphone MANET should be presented. For example, mobile networks operators can track and reimburse power consumed in transmitting alien packets with additional call minutes. Internet activity within MANETs can also be available for free to encourage and increase the influx of people opting into the networks. That is, individuals in a MANET-covered subway station can browse the web at no charge – a stimulus to wait a few additional minutes for the next train, or at least make their stay at the station more pleasant one!’
The essay has the following conclusion:
‘Exploiting a heterogeneous combination of large infrastructured network coupled with small MANET networks is feasible and beneficial both for communities and corporations. Forming MANET on demand, in areas of weak or non-existent signal, can tap potential capital currently outside the reach of mobile phone operators. The numerous people flowing through subway systems or buildings with no signal coverage would be able to connect to the, no longer, outside world. Novel competitive marketing models would be required and available to companies exploring an entirely new niche of communications.
‘Under 4G requirements of anytime-anywhere connectivity, research and implementation of MANET features (routing, security, energy awareness) now will provide a crucial competitive edge in 2012. Furthermore, as shown, even existing mobile ad hoc technologies are already sufficient for the establishment of comparatively small but well functioning pilot networks.
‘“Connecting people” would truly describe, both literally and semantically, next generation smartphones.’
79 responses so far ↓
1 parimal // Jan 22, 2009 at 7:25 am
I want material of MANET for future research .If u help me I evergreatfull to u.
2 Wijiya Sound // Feb 7, 2009 at 2:58 pm
Wijaya Sound,
No.95,
Kahatagaha Watta,
Radawana.
Phone/Fax :
0332269502
3 Fathy // Apr 26, 2009 at 5:11 pm
i would like to conduct research regarding MANET for my Final Year project since this is the future Technology that would change the Telecommunication prospected i would be grateful if you could assist me in anyway
4 bapuji // Apr 28, 2009 at 9:44 am
Bapuji
Research scholar
We are working on MANET to improve the TCP performance and Detect and Identify the Intruder
5 mahesh // Jun 3, 2009 at 7:59 am
i am a final year student of m. tech.i’m doing my project in manet. i ,m searching for the manet applications.i want to implement it using ns2 simulator.i would be very thankful if you suggest me some topics regarding this & guide on the same.
6 kavya // Jul 6, 2009 at 6:06 pm
hi am a final yr software engg student. am in search of a project topic related to MANET. i would be grateful if you could help me in suggesting some topics.
7 divya // Aug 1, 2009 at 5:52 am
im an mtech student ,wants to do project in MANETs.
I have to publish some papers regarding that also ,since its compulsory in dept. Can u suggest some areas related with manets?
thanks
8 sneha // Aug 1, 2009 at 7:02 am
im also doing project in manets.
i havent decide any topic till now..if you can suggest anything its really great.
my mail id : sneha.vijay89@gmail.com.
9 vikas // Aug 3, 2009 at 10:51 am
I am looking for any suggestion of small experiment on MANET (proof of concept) which can be implemented and shown by using the normal personal computers.
Thnaks in Advance
vij_kum_2210@yahoo.com
10 Shashwat V. Vyas // Aug 6, 2009 at 4:41 pm
Hi,m final year student of B.E (Elec. & Comm.),
and wanting to do a project on Manet’s…
Can I get suggestions,as to how do I approach it and from where can I learn to write routing algorithms…???
Awaiting reply….
Thank You!
11 Deepti // Sep 24, 2009 at 6:18 am
Hi,
I am final yearMtech(IT) student can you please send me some materials regarding communication in MANETs i.e. how the communication can be secured in both peer to peer as well as in group.
thank u in advance…..
my mail id is deepti0731@gmail.com
12 mahsa // Oct 4, 2009 at 1:43 pm
hi,i want to project on manet and specially vanet,would u please help me $ suggest me some references and if it is possible please give me some related papers.
thanks
13 Bapuji.V // Oct 29, 2009 at 6:22 am
Research scholar
We are working on MANET to improve the TCP performance and Detect and Identify the Intruder. Along with we apply the Soft computing: E-mail Id:bapuji.v@hotmail.com
Communicate and feel free sharing ideas in this domian
14 Horizon_968 // Oct 29, 2009 at 7:42 am
Hi,
I am also doing project in manets. can you please send me some materials regarding routing protocols, security and simulation in MANETs.
Awaiting reply
Thank You!
My mail id is: horizon_968@yahoo.com
15 manimuthu // Nov 23, 2009 at 6:26 am
i am final year M.E (cse) student doing project on MANET .Can u send me some info how MANET route the data packet from sender to receiver.Is it possible to route the packet anonymously(i,e sender anonymity)?
16 David // Nov 26, 2009 at 12:05 pm
Hi, Really enjoyed your essay. Clarifies the concept of MANETs really well. I am also looking to research MANETs for a project and was thinking of comparing routing protocols and QOS in a simulated MANET enviroment. Do you have any advice on areas to concentrate on? Any help would forever be appreciated.
17 tamer // Dec 4, 2009 at 3:25 pm
hi i am start a PhD , also i need some help in this area MANETs, and if its possible i want to project on and specially manet,would u please help me $ , or u have any related work in this things.
thanks
18 s.v.raja // Dec 23, 2009 at 11:52 am
am a final year student aiming to do a project in latest trend. MANET is such a thing. i want to do this. so send the details at rajasaro2005@gmail.com
19 Mujeeb Khan Niazi // Dec 24, 2009 at 3:03 pm
Please suggest me some topic for research in MANET.
20 Mujeeb Khan Niazi // Dec 24, 2009 at 3:05 pm
Please suggest me some topic for research in MANET.
mujeeb_jeebu@hotmail.com
21 sesha bhargavi // Jan 7, 2010 at 7:20 am
i am v.sesha bhargavi working as an assistant professor in jntu,and i have registered for my PHD in JNTU,HYDERABAD.
I WANT TO DO MY RERSEARCH IN THE AREA OF MOBILE ADHOIC NETWORKS ,PARTICULARLY RELATING TO SECURITY AND SCALABILITY AND QOS ISSUES OF ADHOC NETWORKS..
SO I REQUEST YOU TO PLEASE SUGGEST THE RECENT ADVANCED TOPICS AND AREAS FOR MY RESEARCH IN WHICH I CAN CONTINUE MY RESEARCH WORK.
22 sesha bhargavi // Jan 7, 2010 at 7:21 am
my mail id is:b.velagaleti@gmai.com
23 wendy // Jan 9, 2010 at 12:48 am
Hi, I’m from Indonesia and interesdted in MANET’s.
I’am start to doing my project about this future technology.
But I’am still confused in algorithm and software to implement this project.
My plan is study manet’s for cellular that concern in QoS and this implementation in blankspot and weakspot area.
Do you mind give me some advice?
I really need some help from you.
Thank you very much.
My email address;
wendysaputra_btx@yahoo.com
Please contact me,
24 faiyaz ahmad // Jan 23, 2010 at 11:12 am
I am a final year M.tech studedent . i want to my research in mobile adhoc network using gatewyas. if one having idea.please help me.
if you have any paper relevent to this forwrd me.
ahmad.faiyaz@gmail.com
25 Raju // Feb 6, 2010 at 7:21 am
I m interested to do projects in MANET….Please provide me with some interesting topics in MANET related to future applications….
Thanks in advance….
26 Aftab // Feb 9, 2010 at 1:51 am
hello i m doing a project about manet..security in manet (maliciousou node detection) can you give me some idea how can i proceed wth the topic…
27 Aftab // Feb 9, 2010 at 1:51 am
my email address is shafaq240@yahoo.com
28 Shireen magdy // Feb 13, 2010 at 10:44 am
hi all ,
i am preparing for my master’s thesis and iam interesting in detecting nodes in MANET and access the node as fixed node not dynamic one
can anyone give my some ideas ??? my mail is shireen.magdy@gmail.com
29 VAMSHI KRISHNA // Feb 22, 2010 at 3:53 pm
Hello sir,i am doing my routing in MANET as my main project in B.Tech(4-2) and the modules that are present in this project are DSDV,DSR.I request u to send any information regarding the project even the coding,design,documentation or complete project that u have done.
30 bhaurao // Feb 26, 2010 at 8:45 am
I am doing MCA . I want to reasearch in mobile ad hoc network. can u help me.for any new reasearch………..
31 I want to do research in Ad hoc network as my p.hd requirment n i m very itrested in this field...so plz suggest me some topics to do research in p.hd..... // Feb 26, 2010 at 9:29 am
well as i study about wire less Ad Hoc network in my M.tech as a subject…….i feel that i m geti ng keen intrest in this coz of its future aspects……now i wnt to do research in this field as per my p.hd,…….so i need some intyresting topic related to routing
so plz suggest me
thanks!
Kishor Negi
32 I want to do research in Ad hoc network as my p.hd requirment n i m very itrested in this field...so plz suggest me some topics to do research in p.hd..... // Feb 26, 2010 at 9:42 am
my id is
kishore_s_ng@yahoomail.com
kishor Negi
33 karam // Feb 28, 2010 at 3:21 pm
can anyone tell me hw much research has been done in this ??
34 Nasser // Feb 28, 2010 at 4:47 pm
hello
dear i need some information in MANET and algorithm for on single neighbor- set routing and dual neighbor-set routing.
will be really thankfull
35 ashish khare // Mar 3, 2010 at 9:01 am
I want to do research in Ad hoc network as my p.hd requirment n i m very itrested in this field…so plz suggest me few topics to do research in p.hd
36 balakrishna // Mar 4, 2010 at 11:05 am
can u provide related to Manet.
beause i am doing my project in Manet
37 Shalu // Mar 15, 2010 at 6:59 am
I want material of MANET for future research .If u help me I evergreatfull to u.
38 Tahseen // Mar 21, 2010 at 2:55 am
plz,send me detailed information about basic architceture & working of MANET .Give the applications of MANET in daytoay life.
39 Seu // Mar 23, 2010 at 12:51 pm
Hi,
Please send me the details about MANET, i want to use it for my M.Sc project urgently. my email address is brutseo6@yahoo.com
40 ARUN // Mar 25, 2010 at 6:56 am
I am planning for master studies in wireless communication that involved with MANET, suggest some courses on MANET.
41 hemanth // Mar 28, 2010 at 4:55 pm
im student b.tech 2dyear i want slides on future ideas of manet please mail to my email
thaku in advance
42 hemanth // Mar 28, 2010 at 4:57 pm
im student b.tech 2dyear I.T. i want slides on future ideas of manet please mail to my email
thaku in advance
my email id hema_good98@yahoo.com
43 hemanth // Mar 28, 2010 at 4:57 pm
hema_good98@yahoo.com
44 pradeep // Mar 29, 2010 at 12:03 pm
hai,
iam interested to know much more about MANET and its performance criteria. If u can please forward any useful information regarding MANET, i would be thankful to you.
Thanking you.
Pradeep
neeradi.pradeep@gmail.com
45 Seu // Mar 29, 2010 at 4:51 pm
I am interested in the topic as its my m.sc project, please i need you to help me out.
Thank you
46 Seu // Mar 29, 2010 at 4:53 pm
I am interested in the topic as its my m.sc project, please i need you to help me out.
Thank you
My email address s brutseo6@yahoo.com
47 Ryan // Apr 12, 2010 at 2:11 am
Hello,
Thanks for the post – seems like there’s more than a few people considering the great potential of application based ad-hoc networks.
For all of you masters and phd students asking for help on the formation of a research project, please keep it to yourself. I am an undergraduate who has done a large amount of research in ad-hoc networks and it is absurd that you think someone on the internet will provide you with a list of research topics on good will. You’re in school for a reason, learn how to do research on your own.
48 gloryhellen // Apr 12, 2010 at 5:13 am
hi all
i am doing m-tech final year,i want to do a project on manet and also want to continue on research.if any one interested on join with me please contact on gloryhellen87@yahoo.co.in.
49 joginder // Apr 15, 2010 at 6:57 am
hi all
i am doing B-tech final year,i want to do a project on manet.i want full info on this .please give me info on my mail id=joginder11singh@gmail.com
50 ashish khare // May 25, 2010 at 8:49 am
m interested to do projects in MANET….Please provide me with some interesting topics in MANET related to future applications….
51 savan payasi // May 27, 2010 at 4:34 am
I AM A LECTURER I WANT TO DO PHD PLEASE SED ME LETEST TOPIC ON MANET THANKS.
52 savan payasi // May 27, 2010 at 4:37 am
MY mail-ID IS savan.pyasi4me@gmail.com
53 noopur dhawan // May 28, 2010 at 5:32 pm
I want to combine LEO satellites for mobile ad hoc networks .Can you suggest how I can approach to my idea.
54 sonali // Jun 10, 2010 at 2:33 pm
Hi
I wanted to do my P.hd in MANET. please suggest me topic for the same.
55 Nishnath N // Jun 11, 2010 at 6:49 am
Please, help me to study GloMoSim to simulate a MANET
56 sonali // Jun 15, 2010 at 7:27 am
Please help me. I wanted to do my P.hd in MANET. please suggest me topic for the same.
57 Aditya Narain // Jun 16, 2010 at 4:19 am
I m interested to do projects in MANET….Please provide me with some interesting topics in MANET related to future applications…
58 Rahul // Jun 22, 2010 at 9:30 am
This is Rahul from chennai i am intended to my phd in MANET plsease kindly guide me and Give me a topic to my Phd. that will really hepful to me my e-mail id : rahulchennai99@yahoo.com
59 huma // Jul 1, 2010 at 9:02 am
hi this is huma from india and i want to persue my phd in adhoc security.
i have done my mtech reserach work in manet IDS.
and i want to extend it.can u give any suggestion.
60 sweety // Jul 9, 2010 at 7:01 am
hello
i am a student of MCA. i have to prepare a presentation on mobile adhoc networks . so plz send me some details on my email id.
my email id is : sweety6314@gamil.com
thanks
61 ALOK // Jul 14, 2010 at 7:09 am
hello sir,
i am alok interested to do research work on MANET routing protocol. Now i do a comparative study of different protocols but still now i dont got a concrete topic. Kindly guide me .
62 Ramalinge Gowda K C // Jul 27, 2010 at 7:06 am
I am Ramalinge Gowda from Bangalore. I wanted to do research in recent security issues in mobile Ad hoc networking . Please, send some details to my email id.
63 Andrea // Aug 1, 2010 at 9:14 am
i am doing masters in IT.
Please suggest me some topic for research in MANET..
thanks.
64 meenu // Aug 2, 2010 at 6:04 pm
sir
plz suggest me some topic for research in manet
65 kavitha // Aug 3, 2010 at 2:49 pm
plz…provide me details about ‘future scopes’ in MANET
66 SOMENATH BERA // Aug 7, 2010 at 6:15 am
Please help me. I wanted to do my P.hd in MANET. please suggest me topic for the same.
67 Hemant kumar Sharma // Aug 7, 2010 at 5:43 pm
hello sir,
i am Hemant Sharma MTech(IT) student interested to do research work on MANET Propagation model . Now i do a comparative study of different Propagation model but still now i dont got a concrete topic. Kindly guide me.
so plz suggest me
thank you very much
my Email is
hemantkinoni@gmail.com
68 RAJWINDER // Aug 10, 2010 at 7:12 am
HI SIR, m raj hw u sir , i would like to say dat m gng to start my thesis in vanet so plz sugest me a topic under vanet ……
69 jyoshna // Aug 10, 2010 at 3:13 pm
Hi,
I am final yearBtech(IT) student can you please send me some materials regarding communication in MANETs i.e. how the communication can be secured in both peer to peer as well as in group.
thank u in advance…..
70 gayathri // Aug 12, 2010 at 10:01 am
I am doing my 1st year PG in IT,i would like know some of the realtime application area using MANET which is not yet implemented.Please give some suggestions…
71 gayathri // Aug 12, 2010 at 10:03 am
My mail id:baby.gayathri@yahoo.co.in
72 gayathri // Aug 12, 2010 at 10:22 am
Can adhoc networking is possible in airspace?
73 Saran // Aug 14, 2010 at 4:59 am
Hi all
I am doing my research on MANETs for Distributed and Grid Environment.Can U suggest me some of the enhancements on this research.Ur suggestions forever will be appriciated
Thanks
74 Praveer // Aug 25, 2010 at 7:47 pm
Hi
i am a final year student and i have decided to do my minor and major projects on the research i have started on IDS of MANETS
so if you could suggest me the direction i should proceed in for completion of my research and eventually my projects
75 amita rajpurohit // Aug 26, 2010 at 1:49 pm
hi!
i am a 3rd yr b. tech(ECE) student. we are doing paper presentation for the upcoming IEEE seminar on advances in MANET. kindly help me in any way u can. my id- amita.hogwarts@gmail.com
76 jyoshna // Aug 27, 2010 at 10:33 am
Hi,
I am final year Btech (IT) student can you please send me some materials regarding communication in MANET ’s i.e. how the communication can be secured in both peer to peer as well as in group.
thank u in advance…..& my id is jyoshna1987@gmail.com
77 nitin barsagde // Sep 1, 2010 at 10:29 am
hiiiii all
hello sir,
i am nitin barsagde MTech(IT) student interested to do research work on MANET . Kindly guide me.
so plz suggest me
thank you very much
my Email is
78 nitin barsagde // Sep 1, 2010 at 10:30 am
hiiiii all
hello sir,
i am nitin barsagde MTech(IT) student interested to do research work on MANET . Kindly guide me.
so plz suggest me
thank you very much
my Email is
nitinbarsagde@gmail.com
79 john // Sep 2, 2010 at 10:27 am
i need a practical implementation of manet connecting 100 mobiles
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